Research

Chile’s lithium exceptionalism: Strategic legacies and the contested future of the Salar de Maricunga 11/6/2025

Chile’s lithium exceptionalism: Strategic legacies and the contested future of the Salar de Maricunga

Vlado Vivoda, Natalie Ralph, Asmaa Khadim, Nigel Wight, and Payne Institute Director Morgan D. Bazilian write about how Chile’s approach, governed under an exceptional legal regime, created during the Cold War to safeguard potential nuclear applications, represents a case of lithium exceptionalism: a uniquely Chilean configuration shaped by historical legal restrictions, renewed state ambition, and intensifying global competition.  November 6, 2025.

IceSpec: An ice-core hyperspectral imaging framework 10/29/2025

IceSpec: An ice-core hyperspectral imaging framework

Payne Institute Earth Observation Group Senior Research Associate Mikhail Zhizhin and research associates write about how IceSpec, a novel hyperspectral line-scan imaging system for ice cores, nondestructively captures light-scattering features via dark-field illumination. Its calibrated visible and near-infrared spectral data enhance analysis and archiving, advancing research on stratigraphic impurities, ice dynamics and paleoclimate.  October 29, 2025.

Trends and 2025 insights on the rise of electric vehicles in the USA 10/9/2025

Trends and 2025 insights on the rise of electric vehicles in the USA

Payne Institute Director Morgan Bazilian and other researchers write about how plug-in electric vehicles (EVs) are reshaping the transportation energy landscape, providing a practical alternative to petroleum fuels for a growing number of applications.   October 9, 2025.

Not-So-Quick and Not-So-Dirty Solutions to Decarbonize Off-Road Vehicles 10/7/2025

Not-So-Quick and Not-So-Dirty Solutions to Decarbonize Off- Road Vehicles

Payne Institute Faculty Fellows Aashutosh N. Mistry, Polina Brodsky, Andrea J. Brickey, Adam Duran, Eve Mozur, Rajavasanth Rajasegar, Gregory Jackson, Steven C. Decaluwe, Robert J. Kee, Ryan O’Hayre, Alexandra Newman, Robert Braun, Director Morgan Bazilian, and Neal P. Sullivan write about how transportation decarbonization efforts through electric vehicles have sped up in recent years, we still face barriers to their adoption.  October 7, 2025.

Review of sustainability challenges for lithium production: The case of Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile in the Lithium Triangle 10/1/2025

Review of sustainability challenges for lithium production: The case of Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile in the Lithium Triangle

Payne Institute Faculty Fellows Raphael Deberdt and Nicole Smith, Maria Sol Saavedra, and Director Morgan Bazilian examine how the sustainability challenges facing lithium extraction and production in Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile. These three countries form the “Lithium Triangle” and hold approximately 50 % of the world’s known lithium resources.  October 1, 2025.

An Improved Calibration for Satellite Estimation of Flared Gas Volumes from VIIRS Nighttime Data 9/8/2025

An Improved Calibration for Satellite Estimation of Flared Gas Volumes from VIIRS Nighttime Data

Payne Institute Earth Observation Group Mikhail Zhizhin, Christopher D. Elvidge, Tamara Sparks, Tilottama Ghosh, Morgan Bazilian and Feng-Chi Hsu write about how the VIIRS Nightfire (VNF) data product is particularly useful for monitoring of global natural gas flaring and estimation of flared gas volumes. In this paper we report on the development of an empirical calibration for estimating flared gas volumes based on VIIRS observations of flares running at low, medium, and high flared gas volumes. Tests were run with both single and double flares, with and without atmospheric correction.  September 8, 2025.

Critical minerals at Mines: Interdisciplinary team of researchers leading collaborations to increase domestic mineral mining, secure supply chains 9/2/2025

Critical minerals at Mines: Interdisciplinary team of researchers leading collaborations to increase domestic mineral mining, secure supply chains

Payne Institute Faculty Fellows Elizabeth Holley and Nicole Smith are featured in this article about how with expertise in mining, policy, economics and community engagement, Mines is helping chart path to strengthened national resilience, resource independence.  September 2, 2025.

By-product recovery from US metal mines could reduce import reliance for critical minerals 8/21/2025

By-product recovery from US metal mines could reduce import reliance for critical minerals

Payne Institute Faculty Fellows Elizabeth Holley, Dorit Hammerling, Rod Eggert, Erik Spiller, Priscilla Nelson, and Karlie Hadden write about how the US has sufficient geological endowment in active metal mines to reduce the nation’s dependence on critical mineral imports.  This study uses a statistical evaluation of new geochemical datasets to quantify the critical minerals that are mined annually in US ores but go unrecovered.  August 21, 2025.

Critical minerals lists for low-carbon transitions: Reviewing their structure, objectives, and limitations 7/30/2025

Critical minerals lists for low-carbon transitions: Reviewing their structure, objectives, and limitations

Payne Institute Faculty Fellows Raphael Deberdt and Nicole Smith, student researcher Jordy Calderon, and Scott McCall write about how critical minerals lists have flourished in the past decade, in particular linked to the importance of critical minerals for low-carbon transitions. We identified 27 critical minerals or materials lists across 15 countries and the European Union (EU).  July 30, 2025.

Colorado School of Mines’ Earth Observation Group Releases Key Data for 2025 Global Gas Flaring Tracker Report 7/22/2025

Colorado School of Mines’ Earth Observation Group Releases Key Data for 2025 Global Gas Flaring Tracker Report

The Payne Institute contributed satellite data to the World Bank 2025 Global Gas Flaring Tracker Report.  The research is based on satellite data from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), underscores persistent challenges in reducing flaring intensity, which has remained largely unchanged over the past 15 years.  July 22, 2025.

Graphite and manganese mining in the U.S.: Proposed projects and federal battery mineral policies 7/17/2025

Graphite and manganese mining in the U.S.: Proposed projects and federal battery mineral policies

Payne Institute Faculty Fellows Elizabeth Holley, Nicole Smith, and Raphael Deberdt, Student Researchers Lukas Fahle, Grayce Gibbs, and Jordy Calderon, and Director Morgan Bazilian write about how demand is increasing for the minerals used in energy transmission and storage, such as graphite and manganese in batteries.  This paper reviews the geological resources and development status of graphite and manganese projects in the U.S. and examines the impacts of policies on U.S. mining and processing of these two commodities.  July 17, 2025.

Nickel and cobalt from U.S. mines and refineries: Assessment of five dimensions of mineral availability 7/16/2025

Nickel and cobalt from U.S. mines and refineries: Assessment of five dimensions of mineral availability

Payne Institute Faculty Fellows Elizabeth Holley, Nicole Smith, Rod Eggert, and Erik Spiller, Research Associate Aaron Malone, Student Researchers Lukas Fahle and Jordy Calderon, and Director Morgan Bazilian write about how domestic mining and refining of critical minerals such as nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co), and the active and proposed Ni and Co mining and refining projects in the U.S. to evaluate five dimensions of mineral availability.  July 16, 2025. 

Bridging the Energy Access Divide: A Policy Gap Analysis of 12 African National Energy Compacts Under Mission 300 7/9/2025

Bridging the Energy Access Divide: A Policy Gap Analysis of 12 African National Energy Compacts Under Mission 300

Payne Institute Communications Associate Macdonald Amoah writes about how Africa stands at a pivotal juncture in its energy trajectory, where bold aspirations for universal electrification by 2030 confront entrenched structural and institutional barriers.  In response to this pressing challenge, twelve African governments have aligned themselves with the World Bank’s Mission 300 Energy Compacts, committing to universal access through a suite of reform-oriented and infrastructure-driven strategies.  July 9, 2025.

Tokenizing the Environmental Attributes of Liquefied Natural Gas 7/9/2025

Tokenizing the Environmental Attributes of Liquefied Natural Gas

Payne Institute Energy Finance Lab Director Brad Handler and student researcher Mark McCurdy write about how efforts to combat emissions of global warming/greenhouse gases are spawning the development of systems to track, record and share the carbon footprint and other environmental attributes of various operations. Methane emissions from the natural gas industry.  July 9, 2025.  

The Importance of Military Steel Production in Large-Scale Conflicts 7/7/2025

The Importance of Military Steel Production in Large-Scale Conflicts

Gregory Wischer and Payne Institute Director Morgan Bazilian write about the importance a consistent steel supply chain for US national defense.  A hard, strong alloy of iron, carbon, and other elements, it is used in platforms like attack submarines, long-range bombers, mobile missile launchers, as well as munitions like torpedoes, standoff missiles, and long-range missiles and rockets.  July 7, 2025.

U.S. industry practices and attitudes towards reprocessing mine tailings for metal recovery 6/27/2025

U.S. industry practices and attitudes towards reprocessing mine tailings for metal recovery

Payne Institute Research Associate Aaron Malone, Faculty Fellows Elizabeth Holley, Priscilla Nelson, and Erik Spiller, and Lukas Fahle and Nina Zaronikola write about how recovery of metals from mine tailings has the potential to reduce environmental liabilities and contribute to circular economy, but implementation is limited. This study uses three methods to examine the state of practice and identify knowledge gaps around tailings reprocessing.  June 27, 2025.  

Lithium production in the United States: Socio-technical review of sites, environmental impacts, and social acceptance 6/27/2025

Lithium production in the United States: Socio-technical review of sites, environmental impacts, and social acceptance

Payne Institute Faculty Fellows Elizabeth Holley, Raphael Deberdt, and Nicole Smith, and Alannah C. Brett, and Lukas Fahle write about how the low-carbon transition has motivated a global exploration and development surge for lithium (Li).  Currently, the US has only one Li mine and commercial refinery, and one Li-byproduct producer in 2024.  June 27, 2025.

Payne Institute Critical Minerals Special Report – June 2025 6/24/2025

Payne Institute Critical Minerals Special Report

The Payne Institute for Public Policy has published a Critical Minerals Special Report to coincide with our first London Critical Minerals Symposium held on June 23, 2025.  Our insightful sessions hosted representatives from government, the mining industry, academia, finance, advocacy and philanthropy to consider optimizing the opportunities for socioeconomic development in mineral resource-rich countries.  The attached compendium features work from just a few of our panelists.  June 24, 2025.  

A Study of Terminal Decline Rates of Oil & Gas Wells 6/9/2025

A Study of Terminal Decline Rates of Oil & Gas Wells

Payne Institute Energy Finance Lab Program Director Brad Handler, Student Researchers Vandan Bhalala and Liam O’Byrne, and Faculty Fellow Jim Crompton write about how in the United States alone, the Environmental Protection Agency estimates that there may be nearly 4 million inadequately decommissioned oil and gas wells. They also collectively are a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, a driving force behind global warming.  A climate mitigation business model is emerging in which a project developer undertakes to properly plug a leaking abandoned wellbore to stop its fugitive emissions.  June 9, 2025.  

Powering Up: Electrical Engineering Department at Colorado School of Mines grows as demand for jobs goes up 4/28/2025

Powering Up: Electrical Engineering Department at Colorado School of Mines grows as demand for jobs goes up

Payne Institute Faculty Fellow Peter Aaen contributes to this article about how the Mines Electrical Engineering Department has a new online master’s degree, increased enrollment, and innovative research, all contributing to the positive future for the field.  April 28, 2025.

Astronaut nuclear safety: A concept for managing crew risks when using space nuclear power systems 4/23/2025

Astronaut nuclear safety: A concept for managing crew risks when using space nuclear power systems

Payne Institute Fellow Alexander Q. Gilbert writes about how space nuclear power systems can provide transformational, enabling capabilities for human space exploration missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond.  However, widespread use of space nuclear power systems in direct support of astronaut operations calls for a concerted and holistic focus on the impacts on crew safety.   April 23, 2025.

Jessica M. Smith named 2025 Andrew Carnegie Fellow 4/16/2025

Jessica M. Smith named 2025 Andrew Carnegie Fellow

Payne Institute Faculty Fellow Jessica M. Smith, University Professor of Anthropology in the Engineering, Design & Society Department at Colorado School of Mines, has been named a 2025 Andrew Carnegie Fellow. Smith is one of 26 scholars across the United States – and the first Mines professor ever – selected for the prestigious honor. April 16, 2025. 

Fossil fuel subsidy reforms have become more fragile 3/26/2025

Fossil fuel subsidy reforms have become more fragile

Payne Institute Fellow Paasha Mahdavi, Michael L. Ross, and Evelyn Simoni write about how since the mid-2010s, many governments have pledged to reduce their subsidies for fossil fuels. Yet, it is unclear whether these reforms have been implemented, with prior studies showing conflicting results. March 26, 2025.

Intercomparison of Three Continuous Monitoring Systems on Operating Oil and Gas Sites 3/18/2025

Intercomparison of Three Continuous Monitoring Systems on Operating Oil and Gas Sites

Colorado School of Mines Student Researchers William S. Daniels, Spencer G. Kidd, Shuting Lydia Yang, Shannon Stokes, Payne Institute Fellow Arvind P. Ravikumar, and Faculty Fellow Dorit M. Hammerling compare continuous monitoring systems (CMS) from three different vendors on six operating oil and gas sites in the Appalachian Basin using several months of data. March 18, 2025.

Influence of climate change and accidents on perception differs among energy technologies 3/7/2025

Influence of climate change and accidents on perception differs among energy technologies

Guillaume F. L’Her, Nickolas A. Duncan, Hank C. Jenkins-Smith, and Payne Institute Faculty Fellow Mark R. Deinert write about how public perception of energy technologies is crucial for their acceptance and development, particularly in the context of climate change and postaccident scenarios.  March 7, 2025.

The Future of Carbon Dioxide Removal 2/17/2025

The Future of Carbon Dioxide Removal

Ben Tourkin, Nomadic Venture Partners (NVP), writes about the role that removal of atmospheric carbon will play in a global net-zero roadmap. From high-level market dynamics to comparisons of specific technologies and investment pathways, this exploration reflects a broad yet practical approach to understanding the opportunities and hurdles in this field.  February 17, 2025.  

Advancing Co2 Separation and Capture in Post-Combustion Scenarios Using Resonant Vibration Techniques 2/24/2025

Advancing Co2 Separation and Capture in Post-Combustion Scenarios Using Resonant Vibration Techniques

Payne Institute Faculty Fellow Amirhosein Riahi, Julie Muretta, and Richard LaDouceur write about how carbon dioxide (CO2) requires specialized capture methods for effective mitigation. Biochar has garnered significant interest as a versatile, porous solid adsorbent due to its cost-effective production, thermal, chemical, and mechanical stability, and minimal environmental impact. However, its small surface area and diffusional issues result in slow CO2 adsorption kinetics and limited capacity, hindering widespread adoption.  February 14, 2025.

Critical Minerals and the Future of the U.S. Economy 2/10/2025

Critical Minerals and the Future of the U.S. Economy

Payne Institute Director Morgan Bazilian and Communications Associate Gregory Wischer contributed to this CSIS Report about safeguarding the minerals supply chains for advanced technologies in strategic industries is an economic and national security imperative.  The report shows that resilient mineral chains have never been more important for U.S. security than at this critical juncture.   February 10, 2025.

A comprehensive global mapping of offshore lighting 2/8/2025

A comprehensive global mapping of offshore lighting

Payne Institute Earth Observation Group Director Christopher D. Elvidge, Research Associates Tilottama Ghosh, Namrata Chatterjee, and Mikhail Zhizhin, Paul C. Sutton, and Payne Institute Director Morgan Bazilian present the first comprehensive multiyear global mapping of offshore lighting structures derived from low-light imaging satellite observations collected at night. The sensor is the day–night band (DNB) flown as part of the NASA/NOAA Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS). The product merges two operational nighttime light products: VIIRS boat detection (VBD) data and VIIRS cloud-free nighttime light (VNL) data. The two products are spatially complementary, making it possible to fill gaps through a merger.  February 8, 2025.

Electrification of the joint force: Challenges and opportunities for competition in the Pacific and Arctic theaters 1/17/2025

Electrification of the joint force: Challenges and opportunities for competition in the Pacific and Arctic theaters

Joshua D. Simulcik, Fabian E. Villalobos, and Payne Institute Director Morgan D. Bazilian write about how the US Department of Defense will have to find ways to expand the portfolio of its energy sources, continue to refine its supply chains and delivery mechanisms for energy services, improve efficiency across systems, and maintain a focus on costs to increase growing demand for energy services on the battlefield.  January 17, 2025.

Critical Minerals Analytical Tools Launched by Payne Institute for Public Policy at Colorado School of Mines 12/9/2024

Critical Minerals Analytical Tools Launched by Payne Institute for Public Policy at Colorado School of Mines

The Payne Institute for Public Policy created a series of user-friendly critical minerals analytical tools.  The tools, being developed in cooperation with the Mineral and Energy Economics program at Mines, offer detailed information about the availability, cost, and demand for minerals integral to global efforts to transition to low carbon energy and transport systems.  December 9, 2024.

Mines researchers prioritize responsibility with carbon capture and storage 12/3/2024

Mines researchers prioritize responsibility with carbon capture and storage

Payne Institute Faculty Fellow Jessica Smith is part of a team of Mines researchers are working in partnership with local stakeholders to curb these emissions in southern Colorado—and provide a model for similar efforts across the nation as states aim to meet greenhouse gas reduction goals and work toward a net-zero carbon future.  December 3, 2024.

Geophysics and the Energy Transition

GEOPHYSICS AND THE ENERGY TRANSITION

Payne Institute Faculty Fellow Carol Dahl coauthored portions of this book on geophysical monitoring as a means to carbon capture and storage and the energy transition.  November 24, 2024.

 

 

Mines researchers looking for answers to climate challenges below the surface 11/21/2024

Mines researchers looking for answers to climate challenges below the surface

Payne Institute Faculty Fellows Ryan Venturelli, Matthew Siegfried and Brandon Dugan are featured in this article about how cross-collaboration is key to addressing climate science challenges.  The researchers are on the leading edge of advancing our understanding of and response to critical environmental issues.  November 21, 2024.

Jihye Kim wins Scialog Award for funding of research in sustainable energy systems 11/20/2024

Jihye Kim wins Scialog Award for funding of research in sustainable energy systems

Payne Institute Faculty Fellow Jihye Kim, assistant professor of metallurgical and materials engineering, won the award as part of a multi-university team working on electrodeposition of nickel, cobalt.  Kim is part of a project titled “AI/ML-assisted Separation and Programmable Electrodeposition of Ni and Co.”  November 20, 2024.

Mines faculty examine the integration of mining, refining for domestic critical mineral production 11/18/2024

Mines faculty examine the integration of mining, refining for domestic critical mineral production

Payne Institute Faculty Fellows Nicole Smith, Elizabeth Holley, Jihye Kim, and Payne Institute Researcher Aaron Malone are featured in this article about how mining research will focus on both the environmental and community impacts of vertically integrated mining operations.  If the U.S. wants to stay competitive in the clean energy market, behind China, domestic production is crucial, which means the country needs more mines. November 18, 2024. 

ME Dr. Alexandra Newman honored as 2024 INFORMS Fellow 11/5/2024

ME Dr. Alexandra Newman honored as 2024 INFORMS Fellow

Payne Institute Faculty Fellow Dr. Alexandra Newman has been honored as a 2024 INFORMS Fellow for her outstanding contributions to Operations Research.  The Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS) Fellow Award is reserved for distinguished individuals who have demonstrated outstanding and exceptional accomplishments and experience in operations research and the management sciences (OR/MS). November 5, 2024.  

Gas Pathing: Improved Greenhouse Gas Emission Estimates of Liquefied Natural Gas Exports through Enhanced Supply Chain Resolution 11/5/2024

Gas Pathing: Improved Greenhouse Gas Emission Estimates of Liquefied Natural Gas Exports through Enhanced Supply Chain Resolution

Selina A. Roman-White, Deeksha Mallikarjuna Prasanna, Amber McCullagh, Payne Fellow Arvind P. Ravikumar, David Thomas Allen, Kavya Chivukula, Harshvardhan Khutal, Paul Balcombe, Gregory Ross, Payne SFL Program Manager Brad Handler, Director Morgan Bazilian, and Fiji C. George write about how the utilization of greenhouse gas (GHG) life cycle assessments (LCAs) of liquefied natural gas (LNG) has increased over the past decade. In this study, a novel framework for improved supply chain-specific LCAs for GHGs is presented using a gas pathing algorithm aligned with how gas is purchased, sold, and transported within the U.S.   November 5, 2024.  

Critical minerals mining and Native American sovereignty: Comparing case studies of lithium, copper, antimony, nickel and graphite mining in the United States 10/24/2024

Critical minerals mining and Native American sovereignty: Comparing case studies of lithium, copper, antimony, nickel and graphite mining in the United States

Payne Institute Communications Associate Macdonald Amoah, Benjamin K. Sovacool, Fellow Dustin Mulvaney, Director Morgan Bazilian, NAMES Director Richard Luarkie, and Daniel Cardenas write about how owing to the historical patterns of colonialism and settlement, many of the remaining undeveloped mineral resources needed for a low-carbon energy transition are located on lands that have historic, ancestral, or cultural significance to Native American Tribes and Indigenous communities, as well as are near environmental-sensitive areas, managed by multiple agencies with goals across the spectra from natural resource development to cultural resource conservation.  Through a comparative case study approach, this study analyzes mining projects seeking to develop these resources.   October 24, 2024. 

Sloan Foundation awards Mines more than $1M for energy/environment research 10/23/2024

Sloan Foundation awards Mines more than $1M for energy/environment research

Payne Institute Faculty Fellow Jessica Smith is featured in this article about how Mines faculty and students are working on projects that centralize societal and community impact when developing solutions for the energy transition.  Among other research projects, is a $250,000 study of how energy researchers integrate societal considerations into their work. The project is led by Engineering, Design, and Society Professor Jessica Smith and Electrical Engineering Professor Katie Johnson.  October 23, 2024.  

Payne Institute for Public Policy 2024 State of Critical Minerals Report highlights potential of mining tailings and steep nickel cost curve 10/10/2024

Payne Institute for Public Policy 2024 State of Critical Minerals Report highlights potential of mining tailings and steep nickel cost curve

A new critical minerals report from The Payne Institute for Public Policy at Colorado School of Mines highlights the vast potential from mining tailings, the steep cost curve for Nickel, new legislation focused on increasing the domestic mining of critical minerals and the U.S. government’s recent $4.9 billion of investments in mining and processing.  October 10, 2024.

Optimizing the Physical Properties of Biochar for CO2 Adsorption Using Resonant Vibrations 10/3/2024

Optimizing the Physical Properties of Biochar for CO2 Adsorption Using Resonant Vibrations

Payne Institute Faculty Fellow Amirhosein Riahi and Richard LaDouceur write about how among various Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) technologies, significant emphasis has been placed on biochar as an effective post-combustion CO2 capture method. Biochar demonstrates potential as a technically effective method for stabilizing carbon.   October 3, 2024.

Kamini Singha selected to 2024 class of AGU Fellows 9/18/2024

Kamini Singha selected to 2024 class of AGU Fellows

Payne Institute Fellow, Kamini Singha has been named to the 2024 class of fellows for the American Geophysical Union (AGU). She joins a distinguished group of 54 individuals from this year’s class.  AGU, the world’s largest Earth and space science association, bestows this honor annually to a select number of individuals who have made exceptional contributions. Since its inception in 1962, less than 0.1% of AGU members have been selected as fellows each year. September 18, 2024.

Could Justice40 reproduce injustices in the critical mineral sector? 9/13/2024

Could Justice40 reproduce injustices in the critical mineral sector?

Payne Institute Research Associate Aaron Malone and Faculty Fellows, Raphael Deberdt, Nicole M. Smith, and Elizabeth A. Holley write about how the United States is reprioritizing domestic extraction and processing of critical minerals, with billions of dollars of investments. Because of their uses in low-carbon technologies, the mining and processing of these resources falls under the scope of the Justice40 Initiative, the Biden administration’s flagship environmental justice policy that prioritizes green investments to benefit communities deemed disadvantaged, including all recognized Tribes.  September 13, 2024.  

Colorado School of Mines, Payne Institute for Public Policy announce grant from Quadrature Climate Foundation 9/5/2024

Colorado School of Mines, Payne Institute for Public Policy announce grant from Quadrature Climate Foundation

The Payne Institute for Public Policy and the Mineral and Energy Economics Program at Colorado School of Mines are pleased to announce the award of a three-year grant from Quadrature Climate Foundation in support of critical mineral development in resource communities, with an emphasis on the Global South.  September 5, 2024.

 

The Payne Institute experts are regional, national, and international leaders in applied research in natural resources, energy, and the environment. Our team is involved in a wide variety of research projects in these fields, and are committed to sharing these results with academic and professional audiences.

 

DISCLAIMER: The opinions, beliefs, and viewpoints expressed are those of the author alone and do not reflect the opinions, beliefs, viewpoints, or official policies of the Payne Institute or Colorado School of Mines.