Review of sustainability challenges for lithium production: The case of Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile in the Lithium Triangle

Payne Institute Faculty Fellows Raphael Deberdt and Nicole Smith, Maria Sol Saavedra, and Director Morgan Bazilian examine how the sustainability challenges facing lithium extraction and production in Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile. These three countries form the “Lithium Triangle” and hold approximately 50 % of the world’s known lithium resources.  October 1, 2025.