Nickel and cobalt from U.S. mines and refineries: Assessment of five dimensions of mineral availability

Payne Institute Faculty Fellows Elizabeth Holley, Nicole Smith, Rod Eggert, and Erik Spiller, Research Associate Aaron Malone, Student Researchers Lukas Fahle and Jordy Calderon, and Director Morgan Bazilian write about how domestic mining and refining of critical minerals such as nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co), and the active and proposed Ni and Co mining and refining projects in the U.S. to evaluate five dimensions of mineral availability.  July 16, 2025.