Lithium production in the United States: Socio-technical review of sites, environmental impacts, and social acceptance

Payne Institute Faculty Fellows Elizabeth Holley, Raphael Deberdt, and Nicole Smith, and Alannah C. Brett, and Lukas Fahle write about how the low-carbon transition has motivated a global exploration and development surge for lithium (Li).  Currently, the US has only one Li mine and commercial refinery, and one Li-byproduct producer in 2024.  June 27, 2025.