Graphite and manganese mining in the U.S.: Proposed projects and federal battery mineral policies

Payne Institute Faculty Fellows Elizabeth Holley, Nicole Smith, and Raphael Deberdt, Student Researchers Lukas Fahle, Grayce Gibbs, and Jordy Calderon, and Director Morgan Bazilian write about how demand is increasing for the minerals used in energy transmission and storage, such as graphite and manganese in batteries.  This paper reviews the geological resources and development status of graphite and manganese projects in the U.S. and examines the impacts of policies on U.S. mining and processing of these two commodities.  July 17, 2025.